LITERESI BILENG BAZIK

(Prepare par D.V pou ed profeser ansengn LITERESI BILENG BAZIK (Morisien ek Angle)

1. SON/SOUND

MORISIEN
Kan nou pe koze, nou servi bann son pou form silab e nou kol bann silab ansam pou fer bann mo.
Ekzanp: b+a = ba (kiss); ba+ba = baba (baby); b+a+g = bag (ring); b+a+j = baj (badge); b+a+t = bat (bat); ba+t+o = bato (boat); ba+ta+na = batana (bangle/bracelet);
ENGLISH
To speak, we use sounds to form syllables and then combine syllables to form words.
Examples: b+a+r = bar; b+e+d = bed; b+i+n = bin; bo+d+y = body; do+mi+no = domino; fa+mi+ly = family; ho+ri+zon = horizon; mo+to+car = motocar; sim+pli+fy = simplify;

DETRWA TI PROBLEM (learning special english sounds)

/ch/ kouma dan chake, cholo, chombo, choula, chana, cheke, chok, choukchouk, choupchap,
/ch/ as in chair, cheers, choose, chose, chosen, church, chimney, cha-cha-cha, chocolate,
/j/ kouma dan jak, jam, jaz, jos, job, jok, jinn,
/j/ as in jam, jazz, job, juice, Jack, jeans, joke,
/h/ kouma dan haldi, hep! horl, hiphiphiphoura! houlahoup,
/h/ as in has, had, half, he, his, her, horse, house, hip,
/sh/ kouma dan shal (shawl), shek (cheque), shik (chic)
/sh/ as in shoe, show, shop, should, shade, shape, ship,
/r/ kouma dan rate, rode, rido, robine, retar, rouz, (/r/ Morisien li sorti dan fon lagorz, koumadir pe grat lagorz pou tir flem, me /r/ Angle ena enn son diferan. Morisien anzeneral gagn difikilte pou prodwir /r/ Angle.)
/r/ as in rat, red, rose, rise, (Generally, the sound is made by bringing the tongue up and to the back of the mouth. While the bulk of the tongue rests on the roof of the mouth between the hard palate and the soft palate, the tip of the tongue hovers just below the hard palate. The lips are rounded in an O shape. The sound is voiced, which means that the sound that /r/ produces comes from the vibration of the speaker’s vocal cords.)
/th/ kouma dan mo Angle ‘this, that, those’ li enn son enportan pou lang Angle me mazorite Morisien pronons li kouma /z/. Donk ‘this, that, those’ vinn ‘zis, zat, zoz’.
Profeser Angle bizen aprann prodwir sa son la.
/th/ With the exception of being voiced (this) or unvoiced (thing), the /ð/ and /θ/ are nearly identical; the tip of the tongue is placed behind the top front teeth. The friction occurs between the tip of the tongue and the top front teeth. An alternative method of producing the ‘th sounds’ is to place the tip of the tongue between the top and bottom front teeth.

ZERO PROBLEM

Lezot son pa poz problem. Bizen diviz bann son an 2 kategori: vwayel ek konsonn:
VWAYEL
/a, e, i, o, ou/ kouma dan pa, pe, pi, po, pou. Sa zot bann vwayel oral – pas par labous.
Ena osi dan Morisien 3 vwayel nazal (ki pas par nene): an, en, on kouma dan ‘ban, ben, bon.’
KONSONN
b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, v, w, x, y, z kouma dan ba, chacha, de, fifi, gaga, halwa, jam, kot, lot, mo, ne, pe, reso, so, shek, to, vo, wat, tax, yoyo, zalou. Note ki Morisien pa servi /q/.

PLAIN SAILING

No real problem with other sounds which are divided into vowels and consonants.
VOWELS
/a, e, i, o, u/ as in pat, pet, pit, pot, put.
There are no nasal vowels in English.
CONSONANTS
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z as in bag, cat, dog, fat, got, hot, jot, kit, lot, mat, not, pot, queen, rat, sat, tap, van, won, ox, yes, zip.

LANG SILABIK EK LANG AR AKSAN TONIK

Morisien li enn lang silabik, savedir ki tou bann silab dan enn mo zot pran mem kantite letan pou prononse: bote, borlamer, ledikasion.
Angle servi aksan tonik, savedir ena enn silab ki dimann plis letan pou prononse: beauty, seaside, education.
Enn bon diksioner Angle neseser pou profeser aprann ek montre aksan tonik.

STRESS-TIMED & SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGES

Mauritian is syllable-timed. A syllable-timed language is a language whose syllables take approximately equal amounts of time to pronounce. English is a stress-timed language. That means some syllables will be longer, and some will be shorter.
A good dictionary can help teachers to master and teach stress. Remember that words with two or more syllables have at least one stressed syllable.

2. GRAMER/GRAMMAR

FRAZ
Dan enn fraz ena enn nom ek enn verb.
Ekzanp: Dev travay.
Dev se enn nom.
Travay se enn verb.

SENTENCE
In a sentence there is a noun and a verb.
Example: Dev works.
Dev is a noun.
Works is a verb.

PRONOM

Pronom se enn mo ki ranplas enn nom kan ou lekter ou interlokiter kone deza ki nom la reprezante. Par exanp, ou kapav dir, “Mo ena enn kouzen. Li enn artis.”
Mo/I, to/you, li/he or she, nou/we, zot/you or they (depending on context), bannla/they
PRONOM SIZE:
Mo travay. To travay. Li travay. Nou travay. Zot travay. Bannla travay.
(Note ki form verb pa sanze.)
PRONOM OBZE: mwa, twa, li, nou, zot, bannla
Ekz: Li anbet mwa. Li anbet twa. Li anbet li. Li anbet nou. Li anbet zot. Li anbet bannla.
(Note: ‘Zot’ fer referans plizier dimoun ki prezan e ‘bannla’ fer referans bann ki pa la.)
PRONOM REFLEXIF: Se bann mo ki fini ar ‘mem’ kouma momem, tomem, limem, noumem, zotmem, bannlamem.
Ekz: Li finn bles limem. (He/She has hurt himself/herself.)
Nou fer noumem ditor. (We do ourselves harm.)
Bannlamem fer maler bannlamem/Bannlamem fer zot maler. (They themselves cause their own misfortune.)
PRONOM REFLEXIF POU MET ANFAZ
Kapav servi pronom reflexif+ pou apiy lor enn zafer.
Ekz: Noumem nou responsab nou maler. (We, ourselves are to blame.)

PRONOUN
Pronouns are the words you substitute for other nouns when your reader or listener already knows which nouns you’re referring to.
Ex. “I have a cousin. He’s an artist.”
English pronouns: I, you, he/she, we, you, they.
Mauritian pronouns: mo, to, li, nou, zot,bannla
PRONOUN AS SUBJECT
Mo travay./ I work. To travay./You work. Li travay./He or she works. Nou travay./We work. Zot travay./You work. Bannla travay./They work. (Note that the 3rd person singular of the verb takes an <s>)
PRONOUNS AS OBJECT: mwa/me, twa/you, li/him or her, nou/us, zot/you, bannla/them.
Ex: He or she fools me. He or she fools you. He or she fools him or her. He or she fools us. He or she fools you/them.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS are words ending in -self or -selves. The nine English reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Ex: I have hurt myself, (Mo finn bles momem.)
You have hurt yourself. (To finn bles tomem.)
She has hurt herself. (Li finn bles limem.)
They have hurt themselves. (Bannla finn bles zotmem.) Note that, depending on context, ‘bannla’ and ‘zot’ may be interchangeable.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN FOR EMPHASIS:
We ourselves are to blame. (Nou ki responsab nou maler.)
I have only myself to blame. (mo bizen aksepte ki momem ki antor.)

NOM

Ena 2 kategori nom: Nom prop ek nom komen.
Nom prop se nom dimoun: Dev, Devi, Paul, Pauline, Rashid, Rashida ets.
Nom komen se nom bann kiksoz, bann obze kouma: lakaz, liv, kaye, plim, sak ets.

SENGILIE/PLIRYEL
1. Dan Morisien, enn nom li kapav sengilie (ena enn sel) ousa li kapav pliryel (ena boukou). Pou endik plieryel Morisien met mo ‘bann’ divan nom la.
Ekz.: bann zanimo; bann lisien; bann pie; bann zanana; bann pret ets.
Form nom dan Morisien pa sanze me ena plizier marker pliryel.
Ekz.: detrwa loto; enpe niaz, boukou kado …
(NB The form in Mauritian nouns does not change but plural markers are used.)

NOUN

There are two categories of nouns: proper and common. Proper nouns refer to people: Dev, Devi, Paul, Pauline, Rashid, Rashida etc.
Common nouns refer to things, objects like: house, book, notebook, pen, bag etc.

SINGULAR/PLURAL
In English, a noun can be either singular or plural.
‘S’ is added to the word to show that there are many.
Examples: animal/animals; dog/dogs; tree/trees; pineapple/pineapples; priest/priests etc.

PLURAL FORMS IN ENGLISH
1. In English the nouns change in form. If the singular noun ends in –s, –ss, –sh, –ch, –x, or –z, add -es to the end to make it plural: bus – buses; marsh – marshes; lunch – lunches; tax – taxes, class – classes …
2. If the noun ends with –f or –fe, the f or –fe are often changed to –ve before adding the –s to form the plural version: wife – wives; wolf – wolves … Exceptions: roof – roofs, belief – beliefs, chef – chefs, chief – chiefs.
3. If a singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a consonant, change the ending to – ies to make the noun plural: city – cities, puppy – puppies…
4. If the singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a vowel, simply add an –s to make it plural: ray – rays; boy – boys …
5. If the singular noun ends in –o, add –es to make it plural: potato – potatoes; tomato – tomatoes …
6. Plural noun exceptions: photo – photos; piano – pianos …
7. Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized: sheep – sheep, deer – deer…
8. Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look up the proper pluralization in the dictionary: child – children, goose – geese, man – men, woman – women, tooth – teeth, foot – feet, mouse – mice, person – people …

VERB
Enn verb li enn mo ki reprezant action fizik kouma ‘galoupe, marse, piose, ekrir’ ousa aktivite mantal kouma ‘panse, santi, reflesi, considere’.
An Morisien, enn verb so form pa sanze. An Angle enn verb kapav ena ant 3 ek 5 form.
Dev travay.
Dev pe travay.
Dev finn travay.
Dev ti travay.
Dev ti pe travay.
Dev ti finn travay.
Dev pou travay.
Dev ti pou travay.
‘travay’ so form pa finn sanze me ena bann mo ki servi koste ar verb pou dir enn zafer spesial lor verb la. Apel sa bann mo la (pe, ti, finn, pou) marker tan ek aspe.

MARKER TAN EK ASPE

Prezan: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla travay.
Pase: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla ti travay.
Fitir: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla pou travay.
Pase dan fitir: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla ti pou travay.

ASPE PROGRESIF

Prezan: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla pe travay.
Pase: Mo ets. ti pe travay.
Pase dan fitir: Si li pa ti malad, li ti pou pe travay sa ler la.

ASPE PERFEKTIF:

Prezan: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla finn travay.
Pase: Mo, to, li, nou, zot, bannla ti finn travay.
Pase dan fitir: Si li pa ti malad, li ti pou finn travay.

VERBS
Verbs are words that represent actions that are external (run, jump, work) and internal (love, think, consider).
NB: A Mauritian verb has only ONE form. An English verb may have up to 5 forms.
Dev works.
Dev is working.
Dev has worked.
Dev worked.
Dev was working.
Dev had worked.
Dev will work.
Dev would work.
‘work’ has 4 forms (work,works,working, worked). English uses auxiliary verbs to indicate tense and aspect. The support verbs are ‘to be’ and ‘to have’.

TENSE AND ASPECT

Present: I, you, we, you, they work. (he/she works)
Past: I, you, he/she, we, you, they worked.
Future: I, you, he/she, we, you, they will work.
Past in future: I, you, he/she, we, you, they would work.

PROGRESSIVE ASPECT

Present: I am working. He/She is working. You, we, they are working.
Past: I/ he/ she was working. We/ you/ they were working.
Past in future: If he were not ill, he would be working at this time.

PERFECTIVE ASPECT

Present: I, you, we, they have worked. He/she has worked.
Past: I, you, he/she, we, they had worked.
Pase dan fitir: If he were not ill, he would have worked.

ARTIK

Souvan ena mo ‘enn’ divan enn nom.
Ekzanp: enn lisien zape, enn baba plore…
‘enn’ li enn artik endefini.
Kapav osi ena enn mo apre enn nom kouma dan ‘lisien la pe zape; baba la pe plore …’
‘la’ li enn artik defini.

DETERMINAN PRENSIPAL

Determinan Demonstratif
Sa … la: sa pie la; sa garson la, sa bann pie la; sa bann garson la …
Determinan Posesif
mo, to/ou, so, nou, zot, bannla zot
Ekz. mo lakaz; to lakaz/ou lakaz; so lakaz; nou lakaz; zot lakaz; bannla zot lakaz …
Kantifikater
tou, sak, laplipar, boukou, detrwa, enpe, tigit, nenport, okenn …
Ekz. tou bann fler finn mor; sak fler ena so valer; laplipar fler finn sape; boukou fler finn mor; detrwa finn reziste; enpe fler finn sape; tigit fler finn sape; nenport ki fler ena valer; okenn fler pa finn sape …
Sif
Kardinal: 1, 2, 3, …/ enn, de, trwa …
Ordinal: premie, segon, trwaziem …/ 1er, 2em, 3em
Ekz: 1 plim, 2 plim, 3 plim …
premie zwer, deziem zwer, trwaziem zwer …
Determinan Enterogatif
ki, kisannla, pou kisannla, lakel, kot/kotsa
Ekz: Ki to pe dir?
Kisannla ti dir sa?
Pou kisannla sa liv la?
Lakel to kontan?
Kot to pe ale?

ARTICLE

Let’s look at nouns. As in Mauritian, there is a definite and an indefinite article in English. Examples: a dog barks / the dog barks; a baby cries / the baby cries; ‘a’ is the indefinite article; ‘the’ is the definite article. In English ‘a’ is used when the noun begins with a consonant and ‘an’ is used before a noun which begins with a vowel. Examples: a bag, a dog, a girl; an ass, an eye, an island, an object …

MAIN DETERMINERS

Demonstrative Determiners
this/that; these/those: this tree/that tree/these trees/those trees
Possessive Determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Ex. my house; your house; his/her house; its house; our house; their house …
Quantifiers
all, every, most, many, much, some, few, little, any, no …
Ex. all flowers have died; each flower has its own beauty; most flowers have survived; many flowers have died; some flowers have survived; few flowers have survived; little rain fell; any flower will do; no flower has survived
Numbers
Cardinal: 1, 2, 3, 4 …/ one, two, three …
Ordinal: first, second, third …/ 1st, 2nd, 3rd …
Ex.:1 pen, 2 pens, 3 pens ….
first player, second player, third player …
Interrogative Determiners
what, who, whose, which, where
Ex. What are you saying?
Who said that?
Whose book is this?
Which one do you prefer?
Where are you going?
English ‘a’ is used when the noun begins with a consonant and ‘an’ is used before a noun which begins with a vowel. Examples: a bag, a dog, a girl; an ass, an eye, an island, an object …

AZEKTIF

Enn azektif kalifie enn nom, donn nou lenformasion lor nom la.
Ekz: enn bon toutou; enn zoli fler;
Ena ajektif ki plase avan nom ek azektif ki plase apre nom.
Ekz: enn gran lakaz; enn lakaz prop
Note ki dan Morisien, pa ena kopil, enn verb oxilier ki servi pou konekte enn nom ar enn azektif. Akoz sa enn azekti kapav fonksionn kouma enn verb.
Fler la zoli.
Bann zanfan la ere.
Lesiel ble.
Later ron.

ADJECTIVE

An adjective qualifies a noun; it gives us information on it.
Ex: a good dog; a beautiful flower;
Adjectives are always placed before nouns in English.
Ex: a big house; a clean house
Note that in Mauritian there is no copula. As a result, there is no auxiliary to connect a noun with an adjective and the adjective predicates without an auxiliary verb.
The flower (is) beautiful.
The children (are) happy.
Sky (is) blue.
Earth (is) round.

ADVERB

Enn adverb kapav donn plis lenformasion lor enn verb, lor enn azektif, lor enn lot adverb e lor enn fraz net.
Ekzanp: Li galoup vit.
Pie la bien kosto.
Li kondir tro vit.
Ar laraz, zot tire.

FONKSION ADVERB:

Li endik kan enn zafer arive (adverb kan): zordi, dime, gramaten, yer, boner, tar ets.
Li endik manier enn zafer pe deroule (adverb manier): dousman, for, vit, lantman ets.
Li endik landrwa (adverb landrwa): isi, laba, deor, lao, anba, andan ets.
Li endik entansite (adverb entansite): extra, mari, ase, enpe, tro, net, ets.
Li endik frekans (adverb frekans): souvan, rarman, zame, parfwa ets.
Note: Kouma azektif, adverb osi fonksionn kouma verb.
Mo mama pa la.
Lisien la andan.

ADVERBIAL:

Enn adverbial se enn group mo ki fonksionn kouma:
adverb kan: boner gramaten
adverb manier: kouma enn toke
adverb landrwa: dan enn vie lakaz
adverb entansite:kouma voras
adverb frekans: sak Vandredi

ADVERB

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence. Adverbs often end in –ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.
Ex: He/She runs quickly.
The tree is very strong.
He drives too fast.
Angrily, they walked away.

FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS:

They indicate time: today, tomorrow, yesterday etc.
Manner: softly, hard, quickly, slowly etc.
Place: here, there, outside, up, down, inside etc.
Intensity: very, super, quite, some, too much, completely etc.
Frequency: often, rarely, never, sometimes etc.
Note that adverbs also predicate without an auxiliary verb.
My mother is not here.
The dog is inside.

ADVERBIALS:

An adverbial is a group of words which function as adverbs of:
time: early in the morning
manner: like a half-wit
place: in an old house
intensity: like a glutton
frequency: every Friday

PREPOZISION

Enn prepozision se enn mo ki konekte nom, pronom, group mo ar lezot mo dan enn fraz. Ala detrwa prepozision: dan, kot, lor, pou, ar, depi, ziska, divan, deryer, akote ets.
Ekz. Li tom dan trou.
Li res kot mwa.
To kapav kont lor mwa.
Mo’nn aste sa pou mo toutou.
Mo’nn marye ar li.
Mo travay depi Lendi ziska Samdi.
Divan mo lakaz ena enn pie mang.
Deryer mo lakaz, mo plant legim.
Akote mo lakaz ena enn laboutik.

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. Some examples of prepositions are: into, at, on, for, to, from, by and with etc.
Ex. He falls into a hole.
He lives at my place.
You can rely on me.
I’ve bought this for my dog.
I’m married to her.
I work from Monday to Saturday.
In front of my house there is a mango tree.
At the back of my house, I grow vegetables.
Next to my house there is a shop.

KONZONKSION

Konzonsion kordinasion
Se enn mo ki konekte 2 mo ousa 2 fraz.
Li ek mwa nou frer ek ser.
Mo kontan limonad me mo prefer alouda.
Mo kontan ni limonad ni alouda,
To kapav bwar swa limonad swa alouda me pa toulede.
Konzonksion sibordinasion
Mem li malad li al travay.
Li absan parski li malad.

CONJUNCTION

Cordination conjunction
A conjunction connects 2 words or 2 sentences
He and I are brother and sister.
I like lemonade but I prefer alouda.
I like neither lemonade nor alouda.
You can drink either lemonade or alouda but not both.
Subordination conjunction
He goes to work although he is ill.
He’s absent because he is ill.

ENTERZEKSION

Se bann expresion ki nou servi pou exprim emotion kouma sirpriz, plezir, douler, lakoler ets.
Ekz. Ayo! Baap! Tae! Tansion! Taler to kone!

INTERJECTION

These are words and expressions used to express emotions of surprise, joy, sorrow, anger etc.
Ex. Wow! Great! Pity! Hell!

ZEN 2023/JUNE 2023